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Remediation of contaminated soils
Soil contamination is currently one of the main environmental liabilities in many countries and is also a source of risks to human health and ecosystems, because for decades the soil has been used as a dumping area for all types of waste (organic, hazardous, industrial, etc.). Much of the soil contamination comes from the mining-metallurgical and petrochemical industries, which is why the main contaminants found in contaminated soils are heavy metals and hydrocarbons.
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Technologies for remediation of contaminated soils
There are several types of technologies to decontaminate or remediate soils, however we can classify them into two large groups based on the location of the treatment system. In the first group we have the techniques based on the location of the treatment system. In the first group we have the in situ techniques, which are applied directly on the contaminated soil, and in the soil group we find the ex situ techniques, in which it is necessary to excavate the soil to be treated in the same place (on-site) or in a different place (off-site).
In situ techniques are currently the most widely used because they do not require excavation of the affected land and its subsequent transport to the treatment site, making them more economical than ex situ techniques. The choice of one technique or another will depend on technical factors such as:
- Climatic factors.
- Geochemical properties of the affected soil.
- Development status and reliability of treatment technology.
- Concentration of pollutants in the soil.
- Physical-chemical characteristics of the contaminant.
- Maintenance and operation costs of the remediation system.
- Access and roads to the remediation site.
- Future land uses (industrial, residential or agricultural).
- Time available for remediation.
